公平定理是算法公平文献中的基本结果。它指出，在特殊情况之外，人们不能准确和同时满足公平性的所有三个共同和直观的定义 - 人口统计学奇偶，均衡的赔率和预测率的均等。这一结果促使大多数作品专注于一个或两个指标的解决方案。与其效仿，在本文中，我们提出了一个框架，该框架可以推动不可能定理的限制，以便尽可能地满足所有三个指标。我们开发了一种基于整数编程的方法，该方法可以产生一种认证的最佳后处理方法，以同时满足小违规情况下的多重公平标准。我们显示的实验表明，我们的后处理器可以同时降低模型性能的同时提高不同定义的公平性。我们还讨论了我们在模型选择和公平性解释性方面的应用程序，从而试图回答以下问题：谁是最公平的？

本文提出了一种基于答案设置编程（ASP）的方法，用于代表自然语言文本生成的知识。文本中的知识是使用Neo Davidsonian的形式主义建模的，然后将其表示为答案集计划。相关的致辞知识另外导入Wordnet等资源，并在ASP中表示。然后可以使用所产生的知识库来在ASP系统的帮助下执行推理。这种方法可以促进许多自然语言任务，如自动问题应答，文本摘要和自动化问题。基于ASP的技术表示，例如默认推理，分层知识组织，默认值等的首选项，用于模拟完成这些任务所需的致辞推理方法。在本文中，我们描述了我们开发的CaspR系统，以自动解决在给出英语文本时回答自然语言问题的任务。 CASPR可以被视为一个系统，通过“了解”文本并已在队列数据集上进行了测试，具有有希望的结果。

我们考虑涉及大量突出点的突出指向的应用程序。通过理论和实证分析，我们开发了一种引导的直觉，以表明，当这些实例遵循某些结构时，大多数投影都位于多粒子的顶点上。为了有效地进行这些预测，我们推出了一个面向顶点的增量算法，将点投影到任何任意多托，以及给出特定算法，以迎合单位投影，并通过平面切割单位盒的多台零件。这种设置在Web级应用中特别有用，例如最佳匹配或分配问题。互联网市场（电子商务，乘车共享，食品交付，专业服务，广告等）中的几个问题可以配制为线性程序（LP），其中多种子约束需要整体优化过程中的投影步骤。我们表明，在最近的工作中，多体化投影是最昂贵的步骤，我们有效的投影算法有助于获得性能的大量改进。

建立公平的推荐系统是一个具有挑战性且至关重要的研究领域，因为它对社会产生了巨大影响。我们将两个普遍公认的公平概念的定义扩展到了推荐系统，即机会平等和均衡的赔率。这些公平措施确保同样对待“合格”（或“不合格”）候选人，无论其受保护的属性状况如何（例如性别或种族）。我们提出了可扩展的方法，以实现机会平等和在存在位置偏见的情况下排名均等的几率，这通常会困扰推荐系统产生的数据。我们的算法是模型不可知论，因为它们仅依赖于模型提供的最终分数，因此很容易适用于几乎所有Web尺度推荐系统。我们进行广泛的模拟以及现实世界实验，以显示我们方法的功效。

Drug dosing is an important application of AI, which can be formulated as a Reinforcement Learning (RL) problem. In this paper, we identify two major challenges of using RL for drug dosing: delayed and prolonged effects of administering medications, which break the Markov assumption of the RL framework. We focus on prolongedness and define PAE-POMDP (Prolonged Action Effect-Partially Observable Markov Decision Process), a subclass of POMDPs in which the Markov assumption does not hold specifically due to prolonged effects of actions. Motivated by the pharmacology literature, we propose a simple and effective approach to converting drug dosing PAE-POMDPs into MDPs, enabling the use of the existing RL algorithms to solve such problems. We validate the proposed approach on a toy task, and a challenging glucose control task, for which we devise a clinically-inspired reward function. Our results demonstrate that: (1) the proposed method to restore the Markov assumption leads to significant improvements over a vanilla baseline; (2) the approach is competitive with recurrent policies which may inherently capture the prolonged effect of actions; (3) it is remarkably more time and memory efficient than the recurrent baseline and hence more suitable for real-time dosing control systems; and (4) it exhibits favorable qualitative behavior in our policy analysis.

Creativity is an indispensable part of human cognition and also an inherent part of how we make sense of the world. Metaphorical abstraction is fundamental in communicating creative ideas through nuanced relationships between abstract concepts such as feelings. While computer vision benchmarks and approaches predominantly focus on understanding and generating literal interpretations of images, metaphorical comprehension of images remains relatively unexplored. Towards this goal, we introduce MetaCLUE, a set of vision tasks on visual metaphor. We also collect high-quality and rich metaphor annotations (abstract objects, concepts, relationships along with their corresponding object boxes) as there do not exist any datasets that facilitate the evaluation of these tasks. We perform a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art models in vision and language based on our annotations, highlighting strengths and weaknesses of current approaches in visual metaphor Classification, Localization, Understanding (retrieval, question answering, captioning) and gEneration (text-to-image synthesis) tasks. We hope this work provides a concrete step towards developing AI systems with human-like creative capabilities.

Large-scale diffusion models have achieved state-of-the-art results on text-to-image synthesis (T2I) tasks. Despite their ability to generate high-quality yet creative images, we observe that attribution-binding and compositional capabilities are still considered major challenging issues, especially when involving multiple objects. In this work, we improve the compositional skills of T2I models, specifically more accurate attribute binding and better image compositions. To do this, we incorporate linguistic structures with the diffusion guidance process based on the controllable properties of manipulating cross-attention layers in diffusion-based T2I models. We observe that keys and values in cross-attention layers have strong semantic meanings associated with object layouts and content. Therefore, we can better preserve the compositional semantics in the generated image by manipulating the cross-attention representations based on linguistic insights. Built upon Stable Diffusion, a SOTA T2I model, our structured cross-attention design is efficient that requires no additional training samples. We achieve better compositional skills in qualitative and quantitative results, leading to a 5-8% advantage in head-to-head user comparison studies. Lastly, we conduct an in-depth analysis to reveal potential causes of incorrect image compositions and justify the properties of cross-attention layers in the generation process.

Breaking down a document or a conversation into multiple contiguous segments based on its semantic structure is an important and challenging problem in NLP, which can assist many downstream tasks. However, current works on topic segmentation often focus on segmentation of structured texts. In this paper, we comprehensively analyze the generalization capabilities of state-of-the-art topic segmentation models on unstructured texts. We find that: (a) Current strategies of pre-training on a large corpus of structured text such as Wiki-727K do not help in transferability to unstructured texts. (b) Training from scratch with only a relatively small-sized dataset of the target unstructured domain improves the segmentation results by a significant margin.

We propose a novel deep neural network architecture to learn interpretable representation for medical image analysis. Our architecture generates a global attention for region of interest, and then learns bag of words style deep feature embeddings with local attention. The global, and local feature maps are combined using a contemporary transformer architecture for highly accurate Gallbladder Cancer (GBC) detection from Ultrasound (USG) images. Our experiments indicate that the detection accuracy of our model beats even human radiologists, and advocates its use as the second reader for GBC diagnosis. Bag of words embeddings allow our model to be probed for generating interpretable explanations for GBC detection consistent with the ones reported in medical literature. We show that the proposed model not only helps understand decisions of neural network models but also aids in discovery of new visual features relevant to the diagnosis of GBC. Source-code and model will be available at https://github.com/sbasu276/RadFormer

Prompt tuning is a new few-shot transfer learning technique that only tunes the learnable prompt for pre-trained vision and language models such as CLIP. However, existing prompt tuning methods tend to learn spurious or entangled representations, which leads to poor generalization to unseen concepts. Towards non-spurious and efficient prompt learning from limited examples, this paper presents a novel \underline{\textbf{C}}ounterfactual \underline{\textbf{P}}rompt \underline{\textbf{L}}earning (CPL) method for vision and language models, which simultaneously employs counterfactual generation and contrastive learning in a joint optimization framework. Particularly, CPL constructs counterfactual by identifying minimal non-spurious feature change between semantically-similar positive and negative samples that causes concept change, and learns more generalizable prompt representation from both factual and counterfactual examples via contrastive learning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CPL can obtain superior few-shot performance on different vision and language tasks than previous prompt tuning methods on CLIP. On image classification, we achieve 3.55\% average relative improvement on unseen classes across seven datasets; on image-text retrieval and visual question answering, we gain up to 4.09\% and 25.08\% relative improvements across three few-shot scenarios on unseen test sets respectively.